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TidBITS#317/04-Mar-96
=====================
So you think Apple could do a better job marketing Macs on the
Internet? Put your mouse where your mouth is and win Apple garb!
We also bring you news on Apple's latest set of Internet servers,
info on Internet Explorer and Symantec's Java development tools,
plus Tonya's overview of new and updated HTML authoring tools,
including Adobe's PageMill and SiteMill. Finally, do you remember
the $10,000 Macintosh Web Security Challenge? Find out what did -
or didn't - happen.
This issue of TidBITS sponsored in part by:
* APS Technologies -- 800/443-4199 -- <sales@apstech.com>
Makers of hard drives, tape drives, and neat SCSI accessories.
For APS price lists, email: <aps-prices@tidbits.com>
* Northwest Nexus -- 206/455-3505 -- <http://www.halcyon.com/>
Providing access to the global Internet. <info@halcyon.com>
* Power Computing -- 800/375-7693 -- <info@powercc.com>
Now shipping... The Award-Winning First MacOS Compatible!
Press comments! <http://www.powercc.com/News/quotes.html>
* America Online -- 800/827-6364 -- <http://www.aol.com/>
The world's largest provider of online services.
Give Back to the Net -- <http://www.aol.com/give/>
* DealBITS: New deals and info on the Info-Mac HyperArchive <- NEW
<http://www.tidbits.com/dealbits/> -- <dealbits@tidbits.com>
Copyright 1990-1996 Adam & Tonya Engst. Details at end of issue.
Information: <info@tidbits.com> Comments: <editors@tidbits.com>
---------------------------------------------------------------
Topics:
MailBITS/04-Mar-96
Help Apple's Internet Story
Serving Up Servers
Web Authoring Update
Macintosh Web Security Challenge Results
Reviews/04-Mar-96
<ftp://ftp.tidbits.com/pub/tidbits/issues/1996/TidBITS#317_04-Mar-96.etx>
MailBITS/04-Mar-96
------------------
**Internet Explorer 2.0b3** -- Microsoft released beta 3 of
Internet Explorer last week. The release includes support for
Netscape plug-ins, Internet Config, and GIF animations, as well as
an enhanced History feature and support for inline QuickTime
movies without a plug-in. If you have a Power Mac and QuickDraw
3D, Internet Explorer also includes preliminary support for VRML
(Virtual Reality Modeling Language); ironically, Internet Explorer
now directly supports more Mac-specific technologies than Netscape
Navigator. The beta can be downloaded from Microsoft's Web site,
and is a little over 1 MB in size. [GD]
<http://www.msn.com/ie/ie.htm>
<http://product.info.apple.com/qd3d/QD3D.HTML>
**Free Java Tools for Symantec C++** -- Symantec released its
first set of Macintosh Java development tools (codenamed Caffeine)
for Symantec C++. Caffeine is free to Symantec C++ customers, and
integrates Sun's virtual machine, Java compiler, and other
components of Sun's Macintosh Java Development Kit into the
Symantec Project Manager, letting users create and compile Java
applets, then run them in Sun's Java Applet viewer. Caffeine is a
precursor to Symantec's already-announced Java development
environment Cafe, a stand-alone set of Java development tools that
will also be free to Symantec C++ customers. The Caffeine release
is about 5 MB in size. Caffeine is available for Power Macintosh,
with a 68K version due "in a few weeks." [GD]
<http://www.symantec.com/lit/dev/caffeine.html>
<ftp://mirror.aol.com/pub/info-mac/dev/sym/symantec-caffeine.hqx>
**Apple Recalling Early PowerBook 5300s** -- MacWEEK reports that
Apple is quietly recalling some early PowerBook 5300s shipped on
or before 12-Nov-95 and with serial numbers at FC545 or lower.
Before you ask, no, the problem doesn't have anything to do with
fire, but rather a potential lock-up during intense use of a PC
Card and expansion-bay devices like the floppy drive. Users
experiencing problems can call the Apple Assistance Center at
800/767-2775 to get their machines serviced under warranty. [GD]
<http://www.zdnet.com/macweek/mw_1009/news_recall.html>
Help Apple's Internet Story
---------------------------
by Adam C. Engst <ace@tidbits.com>
In TidBITS-311_ I wrote about a dinner Apple gave at Macworld Expo
to solicit feedback from various Internet folks. In that article I
said Apple planned to set up a way for you to provide your opinion
on how Apple should market the Mac as an Internet machine.
Needless to say, with rumors of acquisition and a change in CEO,
things have taken longer than the marketing people at Apple would
have liked, but the project's in place now.
We all know the Mac is a killer Internet machine, but for the most
part Apple's marketing message hasn't done a great job of
expressing that fact, especially in market segments where the Mac
isn't already strong. So, you can help Apple by sending in
suggestions for ways Apple can improve its Internet marketing
message.
Hang on a second before you start writing. Apple doesn't want
feel-good notes saying "my Mac was super easy to set up on the
Internet and DOS sux." (The place to send those stories -
especially amusing ones - is Guy Kawasaki's EvangeList - to
subscribe, send email to <listproc@solutions.apple.com> with
"subscribe macway your name" in the body of the message.) Instead,
Apple's looking for serious messages that point out a specific
advantage the Mac has over other systems in quantitative terms.
Something such as the following hypothetical example would be
helpful:
"Apple should tell IS managers Mac Web servers are easier to set
up and more reliable than Windows NT Web servers. I'm a system
administrator in charge of 300 Macs and PCs at Widgets
International. We recently set up a Power Mac 6100 running WebSTAR
and a Pentium running Microsoft's Windows NT Web serve. The Mac
server took approximately 15 minutes to set up, as compared to
five hours for the NT server, and in the four weeks we've been
using them, the Mac server has crashed twice, whereas the NT
server dies about once per day."
In other words, think numbers. Point out features that make an
appreciable difference. Quantify your experiences. Apple wants
marketing suggestions about the advantages the Mac currently has
as an Internet client, an Internet server, or as a tool for
creating Internet content. They're not looking for suggestions for
ways to improve the Mac or Mac software, though. Send your ideas
to <macweb@apple.com>.
I've made some suggestions as to how Apple can run this project,
and as a result, I'll be writing a follow-up in TidBITS, focusing
on some of the best ideas and reporting on how useful the
information has been to Apple. In addition, although the email
address is an auto-reply (and Apple won't respond to each
suggestion), they will read each one. On a periodic basis, they'll
select some of the best suggestions and award those people an
Apple t-shirt wardrobe, including classics like Windows 95 =
Macintosh 89; Been There, Done That; MacAttack; and 21 million
Macs say thanks. (If you're especially lucky, they may have a few
extra Apple Internet Server Solution shirts, which read "Get your
AISS online.")
Apple has promised to avoid the "black hole syndrome," in which
they ask for feedback and never provide any of their own. If you
go to the effort of making a suggestion, they'll return the favor
and let you know every few months how the project is going.
Here's your chance to tell Apple how they can do a better job of
communicating the Mac's current Internet advantages. Some
advantages may be obvious - such as ease of use - but others may
be less clear. For instance, the vast majority of Web servers on
the Internet reportedly take less than 5,000 hits per month. Why
then, do so many people setting up Web servers think they need a
high-end Unix or NT machine, when a PowerBook 100 could handle
that many hits if it didn't get bored and go to sleep?
Again, send suggestions to <macweb@apple.com>. There could be a
t-shirt wardrobe with your name on it if you do.
Serving Up Servers
------------------
by Adam C. Engst <ace@tidbits.com>
Last week Apple announced a slew of new servers, ranging from the
high-end Network Servers to the second release of the popular
Apple Internet Server Solution machines. For more information
about these servers and their shipping dates, check out Apple's
Web site at:
<http://www.solutions.apple.com/newservers/>
**Network Servers** -- In a fairly drastic move, Apple announced
the Network Servers 500/132 and 700/150, which run not the Mac OS,
but rather AIX 4.1.4, IBM's variant of Unix. The Network Servers
are based on the PowerPC 604 chip running at either 132 or 150
MHz, come with two built-in Fast/Wide SCSI-2 channels for optimal
hard disk performance, and accept up to 512 MB of RAM. They sport
two PCI buses and slots for up to six PCI cards. Reportedly, one
of the coolest features of the new servers is their physical
design, with a patented access door that provides key-controlled
security and access to the main parts of the machine, including
the hot-swappable drives (you can install up to seven half-height
3.5" or 5.25" hard drives or three 5.25" full-height drives),
hot-swappable cooling fans, and the logic board. The Network
Server 700 has an option for redundant, hot-swappable power
supplies for truly mission-critical environments. Prices range
from about $10,000 to $16,500 for a system without enhancements.
Apple intends the Network Servers to satisfy performance-hungry
server customers, especially those who may already have AIX or
other Unix expertise in place. However, I think Apple must be
careful, since the Network Servers could hurt the marketing
message Apple's been creating about its servers, particularly the
Internet servers. Since these Network Servers run Unix, they won't
be easy to set up or maintain, they won't be as secure as Mac
OS-based servers if they're on the Internet, and they certainly
won't be as easy to sell or support, given that Apple's expertise
isn't in the Unix world. MacWEEK tested the Network Servers and
found their performance impressive.
<http://www.zdnet.com/macweek/mw_1008/rev_appleserver.html>
**Apple Workgroup Servers** -- On a more prosaic note, Apple also
announced two new Mac OS-based Apple Workgroup Servers (AWS) based
on the PowerPC 604 chip running at 120 and 132 MHz. The AWS
7250/120 and 8550/132 sport a PCI bus and run System 7.5.3, which
includes Open Transport 1.1. Along with the Internet software
bundle discussed below, there are two other software bundles. The
Application Server Solution bundle, worth about $4,000, includes
FileWave, Now Contact, Now Up-to-Date, Viper Instant Access,
4-Sight Fax, netOctopus, Virex, and Skyline/Satellite. The
AppleShare Server Solution comes with AppleShare 4.2.1, which now
has a PowerPC-native file server engine and support for Open
Transport 1.1 to increase performance significantly (it supports
up to 3,000 open files and 250 simultaneous logins). Other
software, for a total value of about $6,000, includes Server
Manager, AppleShare Client for Windows, Apple Remote Access
Multiport Server Software, and Retrospect Remote. Prices for new
Workgroup Server bundles range from about $2,900 to about $8,000.
**Apple Internet Server Solution 2.0** -- Although it remains to
be seen how the market will receive the Network Servers, the
second release of the Apple Internet Server Solution for the World
Wide Web machines should sell extremely well, thanks primarily to
an extensive software bundle. As with the initial release of these
machines, there are three different options for hardware, the
Workgroup Server 6150/66, the 7250/120, and the 8550/132. Prices
range from $2,300 to $6,500, but the low-end 6150/66 will easily
handle most Web serving needs. The beefier machines should attract
people planning to run intensive CGIs.
What makes these machines so compelling is the software bundle,
which includes: WebSTAR 1.2.5, PageMill 1.0, RealAudio Server 1.0,
NetCloak 2.0, HomeDoor 1.0, MacDNS, ServerStat 1.0, BBEdit 3.5.2,
Netscape Navigator 2.0, AppleSearch 1.5.1, Acrobat Pro 2.1,
MapServe and WebMap, Tango and a 100-record trial version of
Butler SQL, Email CGI, HyperCard, and AppleScript. If you want
most of that software, it's cheaper to buy the low-end 6150 than
it is to buy the software separately. The one liability of the
software bundle is that you may not qualify for free upgrades.
Unfortunately, that also applies to owners of the software that
came with the first Apple Internet Server Solution machines -
there's no upgrade path for the bundle, so you must upgrade each
piece of software independently.
Overall, Apple's new Mac OS-based servers look like they'll do
well since they provide good performance and excellent
functionality via their software bundles. More questionable are
the Network Servers, which represent an entirely different path
for Apple; that path may prove too slippery for comfort despite
the significant performance gains from moving to AIX.
Web Authoring Update
--------------------
by Tonya Engst <tonya@tidbits.com>
Although much of the Web authoring software available a year ago
rated as depressingly mediocre, some tools coming out now are
rather good. This last month saw the release of a number of new
products and updates to existing tools, and I anticipate the next
few months will feature a fast and furious overturning of who's
who in the Web authoring world. So, hang on to your hat and stay
tuned for future updates.
**W4 Adds New Features** -- Miracle Software (formerly Best
Enterprises) recently updated World Wide Web Weaver (W4) to
version 1.1.1. Given the level of changes and improvements, I
wouldn't have thought twice if Miracle had released W4 at version
1.5.
<http://www.northnet.org/best/>
New features include improved HTML error checking, a dialog box to
help with making frames (those awkward windows-within-windows
currently supported only by Netscape), and help with adding fonts
and colors using Netscape extensions to HTML. You can now paste in
styled text from other programs and W4 automatically applies
appropriate HTML tags to the text. The new release fixes a number
of bugs, addresses several performance issues, and improves the
Find/Replace feature. W4 looks like an increasingly good choice as
a Web authoring tool, particularly if you want to learn HTML but
don't see yourself as highly text oriented. (See my review of W4
1.0 in TidBITS-306_.)
**New HoTMetaL PRO Rule Set** -- SoftQuad has released a new rules
file for HoTMetaL PRO that enables HoTMetaL PRO users to take
advantage of additional Netscape and Internet Explorer extensions
to HTML (see my HoTMetaL PRO review in TidBITS-314_).
<http://website.sq.com/rules/rules.htm>
**PageMill Update** -- Adobe recently updated PageMill to 1.0.1.
The update fixes a number of rather technical bugs, but does not
address problems with PageMill's handling of paragraphs (see my
review of PageMill in TidBITS-305_). The new release also
introduces a bug where colors in GIF images may shift dramatically
when you open them in the image editor. An Adobe representative
described the problem as a "mysterious bug" that only appears on
68K machines and that tends to go away if you run your monitor at
256 colors. If you experience the bug, don't save, since the
incorrect colors will be saved. Instead, try opening the graphic
into the image editor again.
<http://w1000.mv.us.adobe.com/Software/#pagemill101>
**SiteMill Ships!** SiteMill, Adobe's much-anticipated Web site
management program, shipped about two weeks ago. SiteMill works
much like PageMill (and includes PageMill 1.0.1), but integrates
some tools that facilitate the creation and maintenance of entire
Web sites. Although SiteMill's suggested retail price is $595,
PageMill owners can purchase SiteMill for $299, and Adobe will
currently sell you a copy for $399. I've had a chance to try
SiteMill, and even with Adobe's discounts, I think it's
significantly over-priced.
Although you can get by with some lesser Macs, Adobe recommends
you have a 68040 or better, System 7.5, 6 MB of application RAM,
and a color monitor to use SiteMill. To use SiteMill's site
management tools, you must have the site on a volume that you can
mount on your desktop. Once you load a site, SiteMill does three
things for you:
First, it checks your entire loaded site and identifies any
relative links (links to other files in the site) that don't
terminate properly. SiteMill then makes it reasonably easy to fix
those links. If you can't load your entire site, relative links to
unloaded portions of the site appear as errors.
Second, it lists any full URLs linked to in the site, and - for
each URL - it shows what pages have links going out to them.
SiteMill can't tell you if such a link is broken, but if you wish
to change one, you can change it just once within the list, and
SiteMill will change all the appropriate HTML for you.
Third, SiteMill presents you with a Finder-like list view of your
site. In that view, you can move files around (but only one at a
time, and not folders that contain files) and SiteMill
automatically updates the HTML as needed. You can also see an
overview of the structure of your site and identify files that
don't link to or from anything.
So, the good news is you can use SiteMill to update and fix links
in a site, and you can do this without SiteMill otherwise altering
the HTML in your documents. The bad news is that SiteMill lacks
features that would justify its price. SiteMill won't be much use
to people who work locally on mirrors of their Web sites and then
use FTP to transfer modified files to remote Web servers. If you
make changes to a site, SiteMill does little to help you track
which files have changed and it does _nothing_ to help you
transfer changed files to the correct directories on a server.
SiteMill can't go out and check external links to see if they are
valid. My final objection is that SiteMill has a tiny interface
and offers no way to enlarge it.
<http://w1000.mv.us.adobe.com/Apps/SiteMill/>
Adobe -- 800/411-8657 -- 206/628-2749
Miracle Software -- 315/265-0930 -- <best@northnet.org>
SoftQuad -- 800/387-2777 -- 416/239-4801 -- 416/239-7105 (fax)
<sales@sq.com>
Macintosh Web Security Challenge Results
----------------------------------------
by Chris Kilbourn <kilbo@forest.net>
In the beginning, the concept was simple: pay $10,000 to anyone
who could bypass the security on a Macintosh Web server using only
off-the-shelf software to protect the system (see TidBITS-303_).
From 15-Oct-95 to 31-Nov-95, digital.forest, ComVista Internet
Solutions, Westwind Computing, Maxum Software, StarNine, and
WebEdge Technologies sponsored the $10,000 Macintosh Web Security
Challenge. Anyone who could break through the security on a
designated server and retrieve the protected information would
receive $10,000. The goal was to raise awareness of the fact
Macintosh servers make the most secure platform for World Wide Web
servers.
**The Plan** -- Our original plan was to protect a single page on
the Web server so only one person would have access to it. After
some consideration, we decided to make the challenge even more
enticing by allowing users to see the page and only protect one
line on the page. The only software used was StarNine's WebSTAR
(the Web server) and NetCloak (a CGI application from Maxum
Development). Security was provided in two ways. We used WebSTAR's
Realms capability to require a username and password of anyone
viewing the secure page, and we employed the filtering capability
of NetCloak to hide the secure line on the page from anyone who
did not provide both the proper password and come from the proper
IP address. The server was available at challenge.comvista.com (it
is no longer on the Web) and Henry Norr of MacWEEK was enrolled as
the "authorized user" with access to the secure page. Henry logged
in during the Challenge to verify that the page was, in fact,
available to the proper user while still denying all others.
<http://www.starnine.com/>
<http://www.maxum.com/>
Challengers were given a username and password to access the page,
as well as Henry's username (just to get them started), the IP
address of the server, information about our AppleTalk and IP
network, and a listing of the software available on the server.
Occasionally, we received requests for additional information
about the setup and, with the exception of the password and IP
address, we answered them. The only restrictions on claiming the
prize were that we had to receive notice within two days of the
end of the Challenge and the winner had to explain how the feat
was accomplished.
**Designing the Network** -- digital.forest provided the Internet
connection for the server and monitored the Web site at the
network layer. The network configuration consisted of a burstable
T-1 connection to the Internet through a Cisco 2501 router. The
network hub was an Asante 24 port non-managed hub, and the Web
server itself was an Apple Workgroup Server 8150 with the Apple
Internet Server bundle.
When we planned the challenge, I'd hoped to experiment with
various network configurations to help isolate traffic. Our
original start date was 01-Oct-95, but unfortunately delay of the
installation of our T-1 (read about my struggles with GTE at the
URL below) did not allow time for network configuration
experiments. With the new start date approaching, I settled on the
rather flat network architecture of router-hub-server. The server
was on the same network segment as all other computers served by
our T-1. We didn't need a firewall or packet filter on the router,
since all of the CPUs on the network were Macs.
<http://www.forest.net/advanced/isp/gtesucks1.html>
**Watching and Waiting** -- This network configuration made
traffic analysis more of a bother than I would have liked, but it
wasn't impossible. Apple Computer Northwest loaned me a Quadra 630
for a monitoring station, but I rapidly discovered NetMinder
Ethernet from Neon Software would not work with the 630's
communication slot Ethernet card. Disappointed, I used my trusty
PowerBook 165 with an Asante SCSI Ethernet adapter. I experienced
a performance loss running through the SCSI adapter, but I could
still track what was going on behind the scenes.
**The Results** -- In the 45 days the contest ran, no one broke
through the security barriers and claimed the prize.
I generally ran the network packet analyzer for three to five
hours a day to check for interesting packets destined for the
Challenge server. I created packet filters that captured all
TCP/IP network traffic in or out of the Challenge server. (Hint to
Neon: drop the limit of five packet filters - it's frustrating
when you want to do advanced filtering). Some things I saw were
amusing, others downright hilarious.
**The Mac OS is not Unix** -- One of the more amusing things was
that with all the information and technical specifications posted
on the server itself, most people who tried to bypass the security
thought the server was a Unix box! People tried to telnet and send
mail to the server, looking for a process they could exploit.
These types of attacks were fairly regular during the course of
the challenge. I still smile when I think about how many people
saw:
% telnet challenge.comvista.com
telnet> Connection refused.
(A hint to crackers: there's no shell in the Mac OS to talk to,
and even if we ran a mail server, you still wouldn't be able to
mail yourself /etc/shadow. The Mac just doesn't work that way.)
People also tried to FTP to the server, looking to either put
something on the server, or copy something from it. Again, this
was a fruitless exercise as there was no FTP server on the
Challenge server.
Things became more interesting, however. I noticed a fair amount
of UDP (User Datagram Protocol) traffic coming from various
computer science departments in universities. It appeared some
enterprising students had written scripts that went up the UDP and
TCP port numbers, looking for hidden processes that could be
attacked. We did not run any TCP/IP processes other than the Web
server on port 80, so all this did was waste bandwidth.
**Another MacTCP Quirk** -- There was also quite a bit of ICMP
(Internet Control Message Protocol) redirect packet traffic on the
network. As I traced them back to their source, they turned out to
be from people trying to do traceroutes to the Web server.
Something I was unaware of until the Challenge was that MacTCP
does not respond to ICMP packets properly, making traceroutes to
MacTCP hosts impossible. The packets time out at the closest
gateway to the host because the Mac never responds to them. I
confirmed this by running my own traceroutes to the Challenge
server from a Unix host and comparing those packets with those
coming from outside sources. Open Transport fixes this behavior,
and it is now possible to do a traceroute to a Macintosh host that
uses Open Transport.
This particular quirk of MacTCP begat an email message from a
gentleman saying our challenge was unfair because he could not
perform a traceroute to the server. After I pointed out that this
was a failure of MacTCP and not anything I had done, he backed
off. He then pointed out that it would be trivial to snoop the
password to the locked page, yet for some reason he did not step
forward to collect the $10,000. I wonder why?
**Summary** -- On the whole, I learned that network-level security
on the Macintosh is really quite good. Unlike Unix, there are no
TCP/IP server processes built into the Mac OS, so there is nothing
to attack unless you put it there yourself. In addition, TCP/IP
services on a Mac lack the low-level communications available on
Unix systems, which provides additional security. If you keep
mail, FTP, and Web file spaces from overlapping, there is no way
to pipe data from one service to another.
One note about server design: when installing multiple TCP/IP
services on a single machine, be certain there is no way to upload
a file with one service and make it available to another. If a
user can FTP files directly into Web server file space, that user
could upload a CGI application and immediately launch it.
In sum, the Challenge did nothing to contradict our belief that if
you have a Macintosh-only TCP/IP Internet-connected network, you
have little to fear from outside intruders coming from the
Internet. Further, if you are running a Mac Web server, there
appears to be no way to compromise it from the network level.
However, if you have a Unix computer within your network, you must
still safeguard and protect that machine lest it become
compromised and provide a close and easy platform for launching
other attacks.
**A Closing Warning** -- Please note these results do not mean the
Mac community can ignore security; on the contrary, we need to be
even more on our toes for security breaches, simply because they
will most likely come from an unexpected vulnerability. Most of
the attacks attempted were based on known vulnerabilities in Unix
systems. Once Macs become more popular as servers and make their
way into larger commercial networks, crackers will have more
incentive to compromise these systems.
In addition, it is not our contention that this contest proved
anything about Macintosh network security, or that such a contest
could replace quality testing for flaws in server software. In
fact, we would not have risked our money if we had not first
convinced ourselves of the security of the system.
Finally, it is possible that a cracker did bypass our security and
discover the hidden phrase, but is unwilling to come forward
because the information is potentially more valuable than the
$10,000 reward.
[Chris Kilbourn, <kilbo@forest.net>, is President, System
Administrator, and Network Janitor for digital.forest, an Internet
service provider in Redmond, Washington. Jon Wiederspan,
<jon@comvista.com>, of ComVista Internet Solutions assisted in
preparing this article.]
Reviews/04-Mar-96
-----------------
* MacWEEK -- 26-Feb-96, Vol. 10, #8
Apple Network Server 700 -- pg. 1
Photoshop machines -- pg. 39
Intergraph TD-400
Sun Ultra1 Creator 3D
DayStar Genesis MP 600
$$
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